"On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People"

In 1956, new problems and new trends were becoming apparent in China and in the international situation. To gain a correct understanding of and properly address the conflicts and challenges facing Chinese society was a major issue for the CPC Central Committee headed by Mao Zedong.

At the Supreme State Conference in February 1957, Mao Zedong delivered a speech entitled "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People." He pointed out: Socialist society is also full of contradictions, and the basic contradictions are still those between the relations of production and the productive forces and between the superstructure and the economic base. But they are fundamentally different in character and have different features from the contradictions in the old societies. These contradictions can be constantly resolved through the self-readjustment and improvement of the socialist system itself.

He also pointed out: In a socialist society, there exist two types of social contradiction – those between ourselves and the enemy and those among the people. The two are totally different in nature. The former should be resolved through methods of coercion and dictatorship, while the latter can only be resolved through democratic methods, persuasion and the formula of "unity-criticism-unity." We should never handle contradictions among the people with methods used to resolve contradictions between ourselves and the enemy.

Mao's speech summarized the experience in building socialism, analyzed the new problems emerging after socialist transformation was basically completed, proposed a method of differentiating two contradictions different in nature and a means of handling these, and expounded on the contradictions in a socialist society. This added important value to the theory of scientific socialism.

《關(guān)于正確處理人民內(nèi)部矛盾的問(wèn)題》

1956年，國(guó)際社會(huì)和中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)都出現(xiàn)了一些新的矛盾和動(dòng)向。正確認(rèn)識(shí)和處理中國(guó)社會(huì)主義社會(huì)的各種矛盾，成為以毛澤東為核心的中共中央著重思考的重大課題。1957年2月，毛澤東在最高國(guó)務(wù)會(huì)議上發(fā)表《關(guān)于正確處理人民內(nèi)部矛盾的問(wèn)題》的講話，指出社會(huì)主義社會(huì)充滿著矛盾，社會(huì)主義社會(huì)的基本矛盾仍然是生產(chǎn)力和生產(chǎn)關(guān)系、經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)和上層建筑之間的矛盾，不過(guò)社會(huì)主義社會(huì)的這些矛盾同舊社會(huì)的這些矛盾具有根本不同的性質(zhì)和情況，可以通過(guò)社會(huì)主義制度本身的自我調(diào)整和完善，不斷地得到解決。毛澤東還指出，社會(huì)主義社會(huì)存在著敵我之間和人民內(nèi)部?jī)深愋再|(zhì)根本不同的矛盾，前者需要用強(qiáng)制的、專政的方法去解決，后者只能用民主的、說(shuō)服教育的方法，即“團(tuán)結(jié)―批評(píng)―團(tuán)結(jié)”的方法去解決，決不能用解決敵我矛盾的方法解決人民內(nèi)部的矛盾。

《關(guān)于正確處理人民內(nèi)部矛盾的問(wèn)題》總結(jié)了社會(huì)主義事業(yè)發(fā)展中的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)，研究回答了中國(guó)社會(huì)主義改造基本完成后出現(xiàn)的新問(wèn)題，提出了嚴(yán)格區(qū)分兩類不同性質(zhì)矛盾、正確處理人民內(nèi)部矛盾的理論，科學(xué)闡明了社會(huì)主義社會(huì)的矛盾問(wèn)題，是對(duì)科學(xué)社會(huì)主義理論的重要發(fā)展，具有重大的理論和實(shí)踐意義。