The Founding of the Chinese Soviet Republic

From October 1930 to September 1931, the First Front Red Army under the CPC leadership won three consecutive victories against the encirclement of the KMT troops. The Central Revolutionary Base Area was consolidated, and the Hubei-Henan-Anhui, Hunan-Western Hubei, Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi base areas also expanded. The CPC Central Committee decided to found a Soviet central government with the support of the base areas in southern Jiangxi and western Fujian.

On November 7-20, 1931, the First National Congress of the Chinese Soviet was convened, which proclaimed the founding of the Chinese Soviet Republic.

The congress adopted the Outline of the Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic, the Land Law, the Labor Law, and the Decision on Economic Policies – all being important legal documents. The participants elected a 63-member Central Executive Committee, including Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Xiang Ying and Zhang Guotao, with Mao as chairman of the committee and Xiang Ying and Zhang Guotao as vice chairmen.

As specified in the Outline of the Constitution, the Chinese Soviet Republic was a state of democratic dictatorship of workers and peasants. All powers of the Soviet belonged to the workers, peasants, Red Army soldiers, laboring people and their families. All those living in the jurisdiction of the Republic were equal, regardless of their gender, ethnicity and religious belief.

The document also committed to revoking all the political and economic privileges enjoyed by the imperialists in China, confiscating all their property in China, and annulling all unequal treaties. The supreme power organ of the Soviet Republic was the National Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers. When the congress was not in session, the Central Executive Committee would take its place as the supreme power organ. The people's committee under the Central Executive Committee would handle routine governance affairs and issue decrees and resolutions. The Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic had its office in Ruijin of Jiangxi Province.

The establishment of the Provisional Central Government strengthened the centralized command of the base areas, exerting political influence, inspiring the people, and promoting revolution. It was an important development on the part of the CPC in regional governance, accumulating valuable experience in exercising political power, building up the military, and achieving economic and cultural development.

中華蘇維埃共和國成立

1930年10月至1931年9月，中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的紅一方面軍連續(xù)取得三次反擊國民黨軍隊“圍剿”的勝利，中央革命根據(jù)地得到鞏固和發(fā)展，鄂豫皖、湘鄂西、湘鄂贛等根據(jù)地也都發(fā)展到相當(dāng)規(guī)模。中共中央決定以贛南閩西根據(jù)地為依托，建立蘇維埃中央政府。

1931年11月7日至20日，中華蘇維埃第一次全國代表大會召開，中華蘇維埃共和國宣告成立。大會通過《中華蘇維埃共和國憲法大綱》《中華蘇維埃共和國土地法令》《中華蘇維埃共和國勞動法》《中華蘇維埃共和國關(guān)于經(jīng)濟政策的決定》等重要決議和法令，選舉毛澤東、周恩來、朱德、項英、張國燾等63人為中華蘇維埃共和國中央執(zhí)行委員，組成中央執(zhí)行委員會。毛澤東為中央執(zhí)行委員會主席，項英、張國燾為副主席。

大會通過的《憲法大綱》規(guī)定：中國蘇維埃政權(quán)所建設(shè)的是工人和農(nóng)民的民主專政的國家。蘇維埃全部政權(quán)是屬于工人、農(nóng)民、紅軍士兵及一切勞苦民眾的。在蘇維埃政權(quán)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的工人、農(nóng)民、紅軍士兵及一切勞苦民眾和他們的家屬，不分男女民族和宗教信仰，在蘇維埃法律面前一律平等。《憲法大綱》還規(guī)定：不承認帝國主義在華的政治上、經(jīng)濟上的一切特權(quán)，廢除一切不平等條約，帝國主義在華的一切財產(chǎn)收歸國有等。蘇維埃政權(quán)的最高權(quán)力機關(guān)為全國工農(nóng)兵代表大會，在大會閉會期間，蘇維埃中央執(zhí)行委員會為最高政權(quán)機關(guān)，中央執(zhí)行委員會之下組織人民委員會，處理日常政務(wù)，并發(fā)布一切法令和決議案。會議決定成立中華蘇維埃共和國臨時中央政府，地點設(shè)在江西瑞金。

中華蘇維埃共和國臨時中央政府的成立，對各根據(jù)地在一定程度上起到了加強中樞指揮的作用，在政治上也產(chǎn)生了很大的影響，對于鼓舞革命群眾的斗志，推動革命斗爭的進程，有著積極作用。這也是中國共產(chǎn)黨局部執(zhí)政的重要嘗試，在政權(quán)、軍隊、經(jīng)濟和文化建設(shè)方面，積累了十分寶貴的歷史經(jīng)驗。