The System of Institutions for Eco-Civilization

Establishing a sound system of institutions for an eco-civilization is an important part of Xi Jinping thought on eco-civilization.

According to the overall plan to reform the system for developing an eco-civilization, issued by the central authorities in September 2015, China would set up a complete system of institutions for an eco-civilization by the year 2020, which would feature a clear definition of property rights, participation of diverse entities, and both incentives and constraints.

This system of institutions is composed of the following eight elements:

?a system of property rights of natural resource assets, with clearly defined ownership, rights and responsibilities, and effective supervision, to address such problems as absence of owner and ownership ambiguity;

?a system for developing and protecting territorial space, based on spatial plans and control over usage, to solve such problems as occupation of quality farmlands and ecological space, eco-environmental damage, and pollution as a result of disorderly, excessive or dispersed development;

?a national unified spatial planning system with tiered management, with spatial governance and structural improvement as the main elements, to address such problems as conflicting plans, overlapping functions of government departments, and frequent changes in local regulations;

?a system for total consumption control and comprehensive resource conservation, based on science, procedures and strict management, to address such problems as serious waste and low utilization efficiency;

?systems of eco-compensation and paid use of natural resources, which reflect supply and demand, scarcity of resources, the value of nature, and inter-generation compensation, to address such problems as insufficient value being given to natural resources and their products, production and development costs that are lower than social cost, and insufficient compensation for eco-environmental protection;

?an environmental governance system for improving the environment, with unified regulation, strict law enforcement, and participation of diverse parties, to address such problems as weakness in pollution prevention and control, overlapping regulation functions, mismatch between powers and responsibilities, and inadequate sanctions against law violations;

?a market system for using more economic levers to help environmental governance and eco-environmental conservation, to address such problems as immature market entities and market system, and lack of public participation; and

?a system of performance review and accountability for eco-environmental damage, which fully reflects resource consumption, environmental damage and ecological benefits, to address such problems as incomplete performance assessment, unfulfilled responsibilities, and inadequate accountability for damage.

生態文明制度體系

堅持和完善生態文明制度體系，是習近平生態文明思想的重要內容。2015年9月，中共中央、國務院印發《生態文明體制改革總體方案》，明確生態文明體制改革的目標是，到2020年，構建起產權清晰、多元參與、激勵約束并重、系統完整的生態文明制度體系。

構建生態文明制度體系主要涵蓋八個方面：構建歸屬清晰、權責明確、監管有效的自然資源資產產權制度，著力解決自然資源所有者不到位、所有權邊界模糊等問題。構建以空間規劃為基礎、以用途管制為主要手段的國土空間開發保護制度，著力解決因無序開發、過度開發、分散開發導致的優質耕地和生態空間占用過多、生態破壞、環境污染等問題。構建以空間治理和空間結構優化為主要內容，全國統一、相互銜接、分級管理的空間規劃體系，著力解決空間性規劃重疊沖突、部門職責交叉重復、地方規劃朝令夕改等問題。構建覆蓋全面、科學規范、管理嚴格的資源總量管理和全面節約制度，著力解決資源使用浪費嚴重、利用效率不高等問題。構建反映市場供求和資源稀缺程度、體現自然價值和代際補償的資源有償使用和生態補償制度，著力解決自然資源及其產品價格偏低、生產開發成本低于社會成本、保護生態得不到合理回報等問題。構建以改善環境質量為導向，監管統一、執法嚴明、多方參與的環境治理體系，著力解決污染防治能力弱、監管職能交叉、權責不一致、違法成本過低等問題。構建更多運用經濟杠桿進行環境治理和生態保護的市場體系，著力解決市場主體和市場體系發育滯后、社會參與度不高等問題。構建充分反映資源消耗、環境損害和生態效益的生態文明績效評價考核和責任追究制度，著力解決發展績效評價不全面、責任落實不到位、損害責任追究缺失等問題。