Moreover, China will continue to proactively adapt to climate change by enhancing mechanisms and capacities to effectively defend against climate change risks in key areas such as agriculture, forestry and water resources, as well as in cities, coastal and ecologically vulnerable areas and to progressively strengthen early warning and emergency response systems and disaster prevention and reduction mechanisms.

II. POLICIES AND MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT ENHANCED ACTIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE

A one-thousand-mile journey starts from the first step. To achieve the nationally determined action objectives on climate change by 2030, China needs, building on actions already taken, to make a sustained effort in further implementing enhanced policies and measures in areas such as regime building, production mode and consumption pattern, economic policy, science and technology innovation and international cooperation.

A. Implementing Proactive National Strategies on Climate Change

- To strengthen laws and regulations on climate change;

- To integrate climate-change-related objectives into the national economic and social development plans;

- To formulate China' s long-term strategy and roadmap for low-carbon development;

- To implement the National Program on Climate Change (2014-2020) and provincial climate programs; and

- To improve the overall administration of climate-change-related work and to make carbon-emission-related indicators play guiding role, by subdividing and implementing climate change targets and tasks, and improving the performance evaluation and accountability system on climate change and low-carbon development targets.

B. Improving Regional Strategies on Climate Change

- To implement regionalized climate change policies to help identify differentiated targets, tasks and approaches of climate change mitigation and adaptation for different development-planning zones;

- To strictly control greenhouse gas emissions in Urbanized Zones for Optimized Development;

- To enhance carbon intensity control in Urbanized Zones for Focused Development and to accelerate green and low-carbon transformation in old industrial bases and resource-based cities;

- To enhance the control of development intensity, to limit large-scale industrialization and urbanization, to strengthen the planning and construction of medium-and-small-sized towns, to encourage moderate concentration of population and to actively push forward the appropriate scale production and industrialization of agriculture in Major Agricultural Production Zones;

- To define ecological red lines, to formulate strict criteria for industrial development and to constrain the development of any new carbon intensive projects in Key Ecological Zones; and

- To introduce a withdrawal mechanism for those industries that do not match with functions of development-planning zones and to develop low-carbon industries in line with local conditions and circumstances.

C. Building Low-Carbon Energy System

- To control total coal consumption;

- To enhance the clean use of coal;

- To increase the share of concentrated and highly-efficient electricity generation from coal;

- To lower coal consumption of electricity generation of newly built coal-fired power plants to around 300 grams coal equivalent per kilowatt-hour;

- To expand the use of natural gas: by 2020, achieving more than 10% share of natural gas consumption in the primary energy consumption and making efforts to reach 30 billion cubic meters of coal-bed methane production;

- To proactively promote the development of hydro power, on the premise of ecological and environmental protection and inhabitant resettlement;

- To develop nuclear power in a safe and efficient manner;

- To scale up the development of wind power;

- To accelerate the development of solar power;

- To proactively develop geothermal energy, bio-energy and maritime energy;

- To achieve the installed capacity of wind power reaching 200 gigawatts, the installed capacity of solar power reaching around 100 gigawatts and the utilization of thermal energy reaching 50 million tons coal equivalent by 2020;

- To enhance the recovery and utilization of vent gas and oilfield-associated gas; and

- To scale up distributed energy and strengthen the construction of smart grid.